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Peripheral nerve interface
A peripheral nerve interface is the bridge between the peripheral nervous system and a computer interface which serves as a bi‐directional information transducer recording and sending signals between the human body and a machine processor. Interfaces to the nervous system usually take the form of electrodes for stimulation and recording, though chemical stimulation and sensing are possible.〔Grill, W. M., Norman, S. E., & Bellamkonda, R. V. (2009). Implanted neural interfaces: biochallenges and engineered solutions. Annual review of biomedical engineering, 11, 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev-bioeng-061008-124927〕 Research in this area is focused on developing peripheral nerve interfaces for the restoration of function following disease or injury to minimize associated losses. Peripheral nerve interfaces also enable electrical stimulation and recording of the peripheral nervous system to study the form and function of the peripheral nervous system. Many researchers also focus in the area of neuroprosthesis, linking the human nervous system to bionics in order to mimic natural sensorimotor control and function.〔Donaldson PEK (1983). The Cooper cable: An Implantable Multiconductor cable for neurological prostheses. Med Biol Eng Comput 21:371-374〕 Successful implantation of peripheral nerve interfaces depend on a number of factors which include appropriate indication, perioperative testing, differentiated planning, and functional training.〔Navarro, X., Krueger, T. B., Lago, N., Micera, S., Stieglitz, T., & Dario, P. (2005). A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems. Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS, 10(3), 229–58. doi:10.1111/j.1085-9489.2005.10303.x〕 Typically microelectrode devices are implanted adjacent to, around or within the nerve trunk to establish contact with the peripheral nervous system. Different approaches may be used depending on the type of signal desired and attainable.
==Function==
The primary purpose of a neural interface is to enable two-way exchange of information with the nervous system for a sustained period of time to enable effective and high density stimulation and recording. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is responsible for relaying information from the brain and spinal cord to the extremities of the body and back. The function of a peripheral nerve interface is to assist the nervous system when peripheral nerve function is compromised. To supplement the roles of the nervous system, interfaces need to augment motor function as well as discern sensory information. The feasibility of peripheral nerve stimulation to achieve a desired motor output has been demonstrated and is one of the major driving forces for this area of research.〔Bhadra N, Peckham PH. 1997. Peripheral nerve stimulation for restoration of motor function. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 14:378–93〕 Information throughout the nervous system is exchanged primarily through action potentials. These signals occur at varying numbers and intervals dependent on both the neuroanatomical and neurochemical make up of the individual and localized region. Information may be either introduced or read out by inducing or recovering action potentials from the body. Successful development and implementation of a peripheral nerve interface would allow for both the introduction of information to the nervous system, and extraction information from the nervous system.
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